<p>Oaklawn Farm is a historic property in Wayne, Illinois. The farm was operated by the Dunham family, who successfully bred Percheron horses. The property features the chateauesque Dunham Castle, which was built by Mark Wentworth Dunham in 1880. Nine other buildings from the time period still stand on the property, which is still used as the Dunham Woods Riding Club. The farm was recognized by the National Park Service as a Historic Place in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property that would become Oaklawn Farm was first settled in 1835. In 1865, Mark W. Dunham purchased the land and built his own house on it. Three years later, Dunham organized the Fletcher Norman Horse Company with his uncle and a group of local farmers. They intended to raise Percheron horses as studs. They bought two stallions from Perche, one of which (Success) became the most notable Percheron breeder of all time. Dunham worked tirelessly to perfect his breed of horses, traveling to France to learn from other breeders. He imported over 1,300 horses from the country by 1883. Oaklawn Farm was soon internationally recognized as an important breeding establishment. In 1888, it was estimated that one-fifth of all imported French horses lived at Oaklawn. Dunham issued a catalog to prospective clients, some with illustrations by Rosa Bonheur. Agricultural exhibitors from the World&#39;s Columbian Exposition tested out machinery on the property, so the farm was visited by many famous names, including Daniel Burnham, Marshall Field, and Carter Harrison, Sr. In the early 20th century, farm machinery dramatically reduced the need for draft horses. Oaklawn ceased operations in 1929, and the Dunham family sold much of the property. The remaining portions of the part were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 26, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Today, the farm occupies all four corners of the intersection of Army Trail and Dunham Roads in Wayne, Illinois. The original farm was over 1,700 acres, but presently the property occupies only 56 acres. The southeast corner still functions as a horseback riding club. The Oaklawn Farm Historic District contains 11 buildings, all but one of which were in operation before the 1929 liquidation. Five buildings are considered to be of great significance to the site, two have significant significance, three have little significance, and one is an intrusion.</p><br>
<p>By 1880, Mark Dunham had become fabulously wealthy, and decided to build a mansion on his property. Dunham wanted to integrate French chateau designs with modern American architectural trends. The house, now known as Dunham Castle, is on the northwest corner of the property. The interior had been converted into apartments and then back to a private residence, but the exterior remains intact. Dunham himself designed the building with some help from Elgin builder Smith Hoag. The house is 70 x and stands two-and-a-half stories tall. The brick was imported from Racine, Wisconsin and sits on a foundation of Batavia stone. The northeast corner featured an octagonal tower, while a round tower adorns the southeast corner. The center of the main (eastern) exposure features a gable with three arched windows. Each of the main floors on the east has three pairs of windows with decorative lintels, although the main entrance takes the place of the central pair on the first floor. The roof is steep with patterned tile. Although the exterior has been well preserved since its 1883 construction, the interior has been completely remodeled.</p><br>
<p>A house on the southeast side of the property dates to the late 1870s that was used as a residence for the family coachman. It is probably that Mark Dunham used this as his residence before Dunham Castle was completed. The house is one-and-a-half stories with Gothic and Neo-Renaissance influences.</p><br>
<p>The Dunham Woods Riding Club building was formerly in use as the Solomon Dunham House. Solomon was Mark Dunhams father, who was a pioneer of the region after arriving from New York in 1835. Solomon was a county assessor and was the first person to survey Kane County. This information was useful when the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad was constructed in 1851. Solomon built a train station for the line in Wayne, as well as a house, store and inn. This made him the founder of the village. He retired from public life in 1857, transferring his responsibilities to his son, Mark. Solomons house was built in 1836 in an L-shaped pattern in the rural Greek Revival style. The -story building received a large addition by Mark Dunham in 1884 on the west side; Mark used it as the Oaklawn Farm office. In 1935, the Dunham Woods Riding Club was founded in the former house.</p><br>
<p>The other two particularly significant buildings are barns used by the Dunham family. Both are on the southeast end of the property. A 133 x horse barn was built around 1884 with loft dormers on the north and south sides. The other barn was also built around 1884, but is much smaller than the horse barn (26 x). Its original purpose has not been ascertained; it is now used as a realty office.</p><br>
<p>A long, narrow, frame structure also remains on the property from its days as Oaklawn Farm. Its original purpose is also in question, but it is now used as kennels for the riding club. Some sort of power house or grist mill is on the southeast part of the property. It also dates back to the original farm. Three minor buildings are considered to be of slight significance, and may or may not have been used by the Dunham family. These are a barn, a garage, and an outhouse on the southeast side. A barn on the southeast side is the only building on the property known to have been constructed after 1935.</p><br>
<p>West Union Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It encompasses 27 contributing buildings that include the commercial and civic core of the town, and surrounding residential buildings. The district includes a number of buildings representative of popular architectural styles from the late-19th century and early-20th century including Romanesque Revival, Neoclassical, and Queen Anne. Notable buildings include the Doddridge County Courthouse  and Jail , Scott W. Stuart House , Silas P. Smith House , Town Hall , Droppleman Residence , Michel&#39;s Pharmacy . Empire Oil Building , and Myles Manufacturing Co., Inc. . Also located in the district is the separately listed Silas P. Smith Opera House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Silas P. Smith Opera House was a historic theatre located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It was built in 1900, and was a two-story brick commercial building measuring 40 ft wide and 70 ft deep. It had simple Romanesque Revival style architectural details. At one time, the building housed the Doddridge County Public Library. It was demolished on November 13, 2019. It was included in both the West Union Downtown Historic District and the West Union Residential Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Lathrop Russell Charter House is a historic home located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia, USA It was built in 1877, and is a two-story, T-shaped frame dwelling, with a low-pitched hipped roof with bracketed eaves. It features tall crowned windows and a two-story side porch. Also on the property is a contributing guest house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The L.R. Charter House, located at the end of High Street in West Union, is an intact and representative example of the Italianate style. The two-story house, constructed in 1877, remains substantially unaltered from its original appearance when the Charter family occupied the house. The building&#39;s most significant characteristics are its size; tall, crowned windows; low-pitched, hipped roof with broad, bracketed eaves; and two-story side porch. The Charter house has undergone few alterations and it retains the characteristics that are most illustrative of the Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>The house sits on a coursed, rough stone foundation and under its original metal roof. It has a T-shaped plan and an intersecting hipped roof. The front main block of the house is a symmetrical two-story box with three bays across both levels of the front and one bay of paired windows on the side. The main entrance faces south towards High Street. The panelled double doors are located in the center of the facade. The doors stand behind the original wooden storm doors in a segmental-arched frame. )4 molded, wooden crown tops the opening. The house&#39;s porch was recently removed because of its rotted condition but photographs taken during the 1970s reveal a typical Italianate porch located in front of the center bay. Arched openings, broad fluted supports, and a bracketed cornice adorned the porch. The porch supported a balcony above with a closed railing and finials on its corners. Tall, paired windows stand directly over the entrance and open onto the balcony. These windows and all other windows on the main block of the house stand in segmental arched openings and display decorative metal crowns over the top.</p><br>
<p>Other decorative features that embellish the house are the brick quoins that define each corner, the corbelled brick string course under the roofline, and the paired center chimneys. Another characteristic typical of Italianate houses is the bracketed roofline. The brackets across the eaves are small, simple, and decorative. On the corners of the house and over the brick pilasters flanking the entrance bay are larger, more elaborate scroll brackets that are only decorative but appear to be holding the broad eaves. The low-pitched hipped roof with its overhanging eaves and pronounced brackets, recalls the styles Italian Renaissance roots from which it is derived. The buildings three-story rear wing was probably constructed at the same time or shortly after the front section. It was built more simply than the front section but still displays the same Italianate detail. The</p><br>
<p>lindows and doors stand in segmental arched openings and have exterior shutters.</p><br>
<p>The W. Scott Stuart House is a historic home located at West Union, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It was built about 1905, and is a three-story, frame dwelling, with a two-story front portico with Ionic order columns, wrap-around porch, and an opulent interior in a transitional Queen Anne style. It features circular twin towers located on each front corner with tile conical roofs.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Rock House was built as a residence for the National Park Service custodian of Arches National Monument, now Arches National Park, in 1941. Constructed using Civilian Conservation Corps labor, the residence served its purpose until it was replaced by newer housing under the Park Service&#39;s Mission 66 program. The house is built of local stone in a coursed rubble pattern, with painted milled wood trim. The house was designed by Verland Norgard, in a style that combines rustic elements with Greek Revival and Federal style details. Two small, non-contributing additions have been constructed to the rear of the house, and the interior, which has been extensively modified, does not retain its historic integrity.</p><br>
<p>The Rock House was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 6, 1988. It has been used as office space for the Canyonlands Natural History Association.</p><br>
<p>The Nathaniel West Buildings in southeast Portland, Oregon, United States, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The two structures are part of a group of three, including West&#39;s Block, built by West in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1892, the brick structure at 711&ndash;19 Southeast Grand Avenue, in the middle of the block, is Italianate in style. Its cornice roof resembles that of its neighbor, West&#39;s Block, at 701&ndash;07 S.E. Grand Ave., also on the National Register. Features of the 51 by building include two sets of eight double-hung sash windows with arched frames, one set per floor. The interior of the building has been subdivided for commercial space and offices.</p><br>
<p>More modest than the 1892 structure, the brick building at 721&ndash;27 S.E. Grand Ave. was constructed in 1896 in a Streetcar Era Commercial style. Notable features of the 60 by structure are pilasters that divide the main floor into three bays; double-hung sash windows on the second floor; recessed horizontal panels over each bay, and a modest cornice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Nathaniel West (1826&ndash;97) emigrated with his wife and four children from New York to Oregon in 1875. Settling in East Portland a year later, West bought and sold property to raise capital and in 1883 built the West&#39;s Block building. Here the West family opened a dry goods and clothing store and lived in an upstairs apartment. Over the next decade, the family constructed several other buildings in the block.</p><br>
<p>The original Morrison Bridge, near the West&#39;s Block and championed by West when he was president of the East Portland City Council, opened in 1887. Running east&ndash;west over the Willamette River, it connected East Portland to downtown Portland. By 1900, more than half of the Portland-area population lived on the east side of the river, and Grand Avenue was the main north&ndash;south street along the east bank. In 1936, work on the bridge approaches led to demolition of the West buildings except the three along the avenue.</p><br>
<p>Since their construction, the West structures have served many purposes. Original uses included retail stores, a Post Office station, a drug store, and private housing. A shoe and boot store, an electric company, an oyster house, a boxing gymnasium, a sound-system company, and a saloon were among the businesses that later used the properties. The Architectural Heritage Center, a non-profit focused on historic preservation, occupies the West&#39;s Block building, at 701 S.E. Grand Ave.</p><br>
<p>The interior of 727 SE Grand was remodeled to accommodate the East Bank Saloon, with antique furniture and East Portland photographs on the main floor and a banquet room on the second floor. Bit House Saloon opened at 727 SE Grand in 2015. In 2021, the bar closed and was rebranded as Bit House Collective.</p><br>
<p>The James C. and Mary A. Costello House is a historic building located in the Irvington neighborhood Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1910, it is an excellent example of the work of prominent architect Joseph Jacobberger at the height of the Arts and Crafts style in Portland residential architecture. During his prolific career Jacobberger contributed greatly to the spread of that style in Portland. James C. Costello was a developer who helped shape Irvington, and chose to locate his own home there.</p><br>
<p>The house was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Silas Doernbecher House is a Tudor-Revival mansion located in Northeast Portland, Oregon, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built circa 1903 for Portland businessman Frank S. Doernbecher (1861–1921), who founded the Doernbecher Furniture Company in Tacoma, Washington, and upon moving to Portland in 1900 established the Doernbecher Manufacturing Company. Doernbecher also made a $200,000 donation to build the Doernbecher Children&#39;s Hospital in Portland.</p><br>
<h2>Article Body</h2><br>
<h3>Frank Silas Doernbecher</h3><br>
<p>Born in Kewaksum, Wisconsin in 1861, Frank Silas Doernbecher, born to Silas Doernbecher, a German political exile, spent his first 27 years learning about the furniture industry from his father. After moving to Tacoma, Washington, Doernbecher established the Doernbecher Furniture Company. In 1900, Doernbecher set his sights on a rapidly growing city along the Willamette River named Portland where he would take his business and become a leader in his industry.</p><br>
<p>Frank Doernbecher died in 1921 at the age of 59 in Portland. As a final act of goodwill, he portioned off a quarter of his estate to be donated to the City of Portland to continue his work in growing the city after his death. His two children, Edward and Ada Doernbecher, decided to give the money to the University of Oregon Medical School on Marquam Hill (now Oregon Health and Science University) to create the first dedicated children&#39;s hospital in Oregon. The Doernbecher Memorial Hospital for Children opened in 1926 and has been serving the children of Portland, Oregon, and the nation ever since.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>The Frank Silas Doernbecher House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 14, 1978. The Tudor Revival mansion is located in the Irvington neighborhood in Portland, which is lined with maple trees has a park-like setting that was the custom during the 20th century in that area. The home is rectangular and was built with a front porch, porte-cochère and several bays and projections. The walls are made of cedar shingles, and the gable ends are made with stucco. Other notable features include brick chimney stacks, leaded window panes, and a pointed window arch. The Doernbecher House is also known for its wood paneling and hand-carved decoration throughout. The house was registered in 1978 because of the significance of the entrepreneur who built it. It was occupied by the children and grandchildren of Frank Doernbecher until it was sold in 1976. it continues to be a private residence. The house has since had its utilities updated but maintains its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>The Gustav Freiwald House is a house located in northeast Portland, Oregon, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1906 for Gustav Freiwald, a real estate entrepreneur and one-time owner of the Star Brewery in Vancouver, Washington. A late example of Queen Anne architecture, the house is one of the few remaining grand residences in the area of Portland platted as the Holladay Addition. The house is now part of the Irvington neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis T. Gilliland House is a historic residence in Portland, Oregon, United States. An excellent 1910 example of the American Craftsman style, it was designed by prominent Portland architect Ellis F. Lawrence by closely adapting plans published by Gustav Stickley. Stickley was the leading national exponent of Craftsman architecture, and no other work by Lawrence so precisely captures Stickley&#39;s aesthetic.</p><br>
<p>The house was entered on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Idlewild is a historic plantation house and historic district just east of Talladega, Alabama, United States. The property was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage and the National Register of Historic Places in 1993, due to its architectural significance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After settling with his family in Talladega County, just east of the city of Talladega, William Blount McClellan established the plantation of Idlewild and built the house that stands today in 1843. The 1860 United States Census records him as having 46 African slaves.</p><br>
<p>William B. McClellan was born on January 22, 1798, in Knox County, Tennessee, and died on October 11, 1881, in Talladega County, Alabama. He married Martha Thompson Roby (b. November 18, 1809, Georgia, d. January 30, 1858, Talladega County, Alabama) on June 30, 1825, and together they had 16 children. William B. McClellan was a graduate of West Point, a brigadier-general of local Alabama militia, and later a colonel in the Confederate States Army.</p><br>
<p>The Cherry Hill Farmhouse is a house museum in Falls Church, Virginia, United States. Built in 1845 in a Greek Revival architecture style, it belonged to wealthy farmer families until 1945, and in 1956 it became property of the City of Falls Church, which transformed it into a museum, as a historical building. Today, the Cherry Hill Farmhouse, along with other five such constructions in Falls Church City, is part of the National Register of Historic Places, as an important testimony of 19th century Victorian buildings in the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house hosting the museum was built about 1845 as a farmstead in a Greek Revival architecture and frame barn. Mr. William A. Blaisdell, who managed a stall in the nearby District of Columbia, purchased the house in 1856 as part of a 73-acre farm. It has long been named Cherry Hill because of the fruit orchards that surrounded the house.</p><br>
<p>From 1870 to 1945 the house belonged to the Riley family who were prominent in the village; it was Joseph Riley that in 1875 lead the effort to petition the state for Falls Church to become a town. At that time the town included parts of Fairfax and Alexandria Counties (now called Arlington County). The poet James Whitcomb Riley, a relative of the owners and visitor to the farmhouse, included references to the farmhouse and some of its residents in some of his poems. Then, in the 1960s, a number of local history lovers created the Friends of Cherry Hill to restore the house to the period of its construction and make a house museum to exhibit the lifestyle of the prosperous families of the area. It provides a glimpse of the antebellum times in Falls Church and later in the Victorian period. The docents provide the history of the house, the local area at the time, and the connection to the national affairs. Nowadays the house is included within a 7-acre park.</p><br>
<p>The museum includes the household&#39;s authentic 18th and 19th century furniture, which along with other historical pieces, are owned and maintained by a foundation called Friends of Cherry Hill, whereas the barn houses a 19th-century collection of tools.</p><br>
<p>The Cherry Hill Farmhouse & Barn is part of the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>The Crittenden County Courthouse is located at 85 Jackson Street in Marion, Arkansas, United States, the county seat of Crittenden County. It is a two-story brick and stone structure, nine bays wide and seven deep, with a dome centered on its otherwise flat roof. The north and south elevations, identical in appearance, feature porticos supported by six Ionic columns framing the center five bays. The frieze on each portico is inscribed "Obedience to the law is liberty". The courthouse was designed by the Chamberlain architectural firm of Fort Worth, Texas, and was built in 1911, replacing the county&#39;s second courthouse, which was destroyed by fire in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Cemetery is a cemetery located in Jackson, Tennessee. It is located few blocks south of the Madison County Courthouse, separated from Riverside Drive by a five-foot-high red brick wall. Riverside Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 9 May 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The City of Jackson established Riverside Cemetery in 1824 to replace the original municipal graveyard founded a few years earlier. Most remains from the earlier cemetery were reinterred at Riverside, either when it opened or in 1871–72. The oldest legible marker is for Mary Jane Butler (died 1824). Riverside Cemetery holds approximately 4,000 graves, but only 3,000 markers remain. It is estimated that there are 200 unmarked burials, including approximately 100 Confederate soldiers who died during the war, plus slaves buried prior to 1865. Riverside continues to accept a limited number of burials from families whose plots have space.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Isaac Lane (1834–1937), American bishop and namesake of Lane College</p><br>
<p>James Franklin Lane (1874–1944), American educator and college president</p><br>
<p>The Luna Jacal or Luna&#39;s Jacal was the residence of Gilberto Luna, a Mexican pioneer farmer in the area of Texas that would become Big Bend National Park. The jacal, an indigenous Tejano dwelling suited to the desert environment, was built about 1890 with a low sandstone and limestone wall about 4 ft, with forked poles set upright into the walls, supporting roof poles. The house backs up to a large boulder. A heavier line of poles extends the length of the jacal. The roof was made of ocotillo branches weighted down with earth and stones, presently replaced with an inappropriate soil-cement roof. Luna raised a large family at the jacal, peacefully coexisting with otherwise hostile Comanche who used the Alamo Creek area as a war trail. Luna died there in 1947 at age 108 or 109.</p><br>
<p>Luna&#39;s jacal was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 8, 1974. It was restored in 1971 and again stabilized in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Luna and the Comanche War Trail</h2><br>
<p>The write-up for the National Register of Historic Places states</p><br>
<p>While a popular story associated with the jacal, some doubt exists that Gilberto Luna lived at the jacal while the Comanche War Trail was active.</p><br>
<p>The NRHP write-up uses the Road Guide to Paved and Improved Dirt Roads of Big Bend National Park as source material, originally published in 1980. As late as the 1987 revision of the guide this same verbiage is intact, but in the 2010 revision of the guide, the verbiage had been removed.</p><br>
<p>In the book Exploring The Big Bend Country an interview by Peter Koch with a grandson of Luna, Demencio C. Luna Jr., puts Luna&#39;s arrival at Alamo Wash after the close of the Comanche Trail:</p><br>
<p>The book A Guide to Hispanic Texas says Lunas Jacal was built about 1900, which agrees with Gilberto Lunas grandson&#39;s claim, and years after the last band of Comanches moved to the Fort Sill reservation in Oklahoma in 1874–75.</p><br>
<p>The Caverns Historic District comprises the central developed area of Carlsbad Caverns National Park. The complex was built between the early 1920s and 1942, initially in Pueblo Revival style, and later in New Mexico Territorial Revival style in the area around the natural entrance to Carlsbad Caverns. The earlier structures are built of local limestone, the later buildings in adobe. Thirteen buildings in the district are considered contributing structures. Buildings built between 1940 and 1942 were constructed with labor provided by the Civilian Conservation Corps.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Early planning for the development of the park started with work by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service Landscape Engineering Division in Los Angeles, who established the Pueblo Revival style in the park. Thomas Chalmers Vint continued Hulls work from the divisions new location in San Francisco, renamed the NPS Western Field Office, as its chief. During survey work in the caverns, Vint slipped and fell, breaking his leg. A cowboy named Jim White was sent for help, which arrived after several hours. Vint had to make a long train ride to El Paso, Texas to have his leg set. The incident highlighted the need for safe, well-planned visitor accommodations in the park.</p><br>
<p>The rustic designs proved popular with park visitors and became a feature of the park. A similar structure was built in the town of Carlsbad as a residence for the park superintendent.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Bunk House and Mess Hall, NPS Building 16 The Pueblo style building was designed by Thomas Chalmers Vint of the National Park Service and was built in 1932 by Armstrong and Armstrong contractors of Roswell, New Mexico. The building incorporates a 1927 residence designed by park superintendent Thomas Boles. The one-story building is on several levels following the contour of its hillside site, with eleven original rooms. A lounge space, now known as the "chapel," featured a higher level of finish.</p><br>
<p>Employee Residence, NPS Building 6 was designed in 1927 by Thomas Boles as a residence for cave guides. Buildings 7, 8 and 9 are substantially similar, all in Pueblo Revival style. They were enlarged under the direction of Thomas Vint in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Employee Residence, NPS Building 13 was designed by Vint in 1931, enlarged to a duplex in 1932 and eventually converted to a men&#39;s dormitory.</p><br>
<p>Employee Residence Duplex, NPS Building 14A/B was designed as two connected residences by Vint in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Employee Residence, NPS Building 15 was designed by Vint in 1932. Like Buildings 13 and 14, it was built by Armstrong and Armstrong. All of these buildings are in matching stone Pueblo Revival style.</p><br>
<p>Powerhouse: The center portion was designed in 1928 by Vint, with wings added for shops in 1931, in Pueblo GRevival style. The building was converted to a maintenance shop and storage area.</p><br>
<p>Multiple Dwelling Unit 1 and 2, NPS Buildings 25-A/B/C and 28-A/B/C These triplex residences were designed by architect Ken Saunders of the NPS Santa Fe office and revised by Lyle E. Bennett in Territorial Revival style in from 1940 to 1942, in a landscape designed by J.C. Miller, and were built by the Civilian Conservation Corps.</p><br>
<p>Warehouse, NPS Building 26 was designed by Saunders in 1941 in Territorial Revival style and built by CCC labor. Building 27, a garage, was also probably designed by Saunders</p><br>
<p>An elevator building for access to the caverns was completely enclosed by the 1957 park visitor center. Other buildings, now demolished, included a concessions building, built in 1928, and operated by the park concessioner, the Caverns Supply Company.</p><br>
<h2>Bat flight amphitheater</h2><br>
<p>From the end of May to October, the National Park Service hosts visitors in the Bat Flight Amphitheater to view Mexican free-tailed bats leaving the Carlsbad Cavern in large numbers at nightfall through its main entrance.</p><br>
<p>Built between 1963 and 1966, the amphitheater is made of limestone. It is about 100 feet wide and made up of 22 rows of seating arranged in tiered arches and separated by a central aisle with a staircase. Overall, it drops down about 75 feet.</p><br>
<p>The amphitheater is a contributing property to the Caverns Historic District, which mainly houses administrative buildings northwest of the amphitheater and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The upper part of the amphitheater is reached by the Carlsbad Caverns Trail, a hiking trail leading from the park&#39;s tourist office in the southwest, which then sinks into the cavern in the northeast. The trail has also been listed as a National Recreation Trail since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Landscaping</h2><br>
<p>The parking terraces were designed by A.W. Burney of Yellowstone National Park&#39;s engineering division. Construction was supervised by park superintendent Boles, who was also an engineer. The terraces are designed to fit the local environment with rustic stone walls and landscaping with native plants. A cactus garden was established at the end of the parking area, designed by Park Service architect W.G. Carnes, incorporating a prehistoric mescal pit. A switchback trail leads to the natural cave entrance, with other footpaths and terraces to the residences and the administration building.</p><br>
<p>An amphitheater, built from 1963 to 1966 to allow visitors to view evening bat flights, continues the design tradition, blending with earlier construction.</p><br>
<h2>Civilian Conservation Corps</h2><br>
<p>A Civilian Conservation Corps camp was established at the separate Rattlesnake Springs unit of Carlsbad Caverns National Park in 1938. The arrival of the CCC coincided with a shift to Territorial Revival style architecture in the park, incorporating adobe construction. The camp remained until 1942, when it was disbanded.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>The ticket office, chief ranger&#39;s house, concessions building-comfort station, original powerhouse and the nursery-kennel building were demolished between 1959 and 1974 as intrusions in the area of the natural cave entrance. By 1984 the removal of toilet facilities was regretted, and a rustic stone structure was built near the bat flight amphitheater.</p><br>
<p>The Caverns Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 18, 1988.</p><br>
<p>Meadowlawn, also known as the Hagood House, is an antebellum plantation house, built in the Greek revival style, in Lowndsboro, Alabama, United States. It is a contributing property to the Lowndesboro Historic District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 12, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation of Meadowlawn was built in 1853 for Squire George Thomas (1797-1867). The house was later sold to Fort Williamson. In 1905 the home was sold to Ransom Meadows, born June 18, 1846, died February 2, 1940. He was the last surviving Confederate veteran in Lowndes County. His daughter, Aline Meadows, born February 16, 1880, died February 16, 1979, married Robert Bragg Hagood on April 3, 1907, in Lowndes County, Alabama. It is to this couple that Ransom Meadows deeded the house. To honor her father, Mrs. Hagood renamed the house "Meadowlawn." She lived in the house until her death at age 99. The house still remains in the Hagood family today.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story frame, with fluted Doric columns on two sides, 13 in all, and balconies over both main entrance doors with wrought iron railings. Dicksonia Plantation, located nearby, was very similar in appearance, prior to its destruction by fire in 1939 and again in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Fox Island School is a former public school in Fox Island, Washington.</p><br>
<p>On 15. July 1987 the National Register of Historic Places listed the building under the reference number 87001167 as a historic building.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>There were two classrooms for grades 1–4, and 5–8 on the first floor. The auditorium, which was used as a lunchroom also, has a stage on one side. Kitchen and restrooms are on the first floor also. The furnace, a play room, and storage were placed in the basement. The grounds were furnished with a baseball field, a playground, and a barn used to store the school bus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was built under aid of the Works Progress Administration in 1934.</p><br>
<p>Between 1943 and 1948 the class sizes fluctuated so there were times when only one class was taught.</p><br>
<p>The Fox Island School District #337 was integrated into the Peninsula School District #401 in 1959 and the Fox Island School was closed in 1961. First the Grange took possession and later the Fox Island Community and Recreation Association (FICRA) took over operating the Fox Island School as a Community Center. In honor of Col. Frederick Nichols the name Nichols Center was given to the Community Center in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Fox Island - A History by G. L. Miller</p><br>
<p>The Italian Gardeners and Ranchers Association Market Building, also known as the Italian Market, in southeast Portland, Oregon in the USA is a two-story commercial structure listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built of concrete in 1922, it was added to the register in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Occupying an entire block of the Central Eastside Industrial District, the square structure has a flat roof, large loading bays, multi-paned casement windows, and a full basement. The building, originally catering to farmers and peddlers of Italian origin, housed produce-related stores, a pool hall, meeting halls, a dairy-product area, and two Italian restaurants. Later the building was reorganized for use by three businesses, two on the first floor and one on the second, as well as office space on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The Italian Gardeners and Ranchers Association formed around 1900 after many Italian immigrants to Portland had settled near Johns Landing on the west bank of the Willamette River and south of Hawthorne Boulevard on the east bank, where it was possible to establish truck farms on inexpensive land. The Association initially set up in a run-down building on the west side of the river but moved to the east side, where it constructed a two-story wooden market building in what came to be known as "produce row". After the wooden building was destroyed by fire in 1921, the Association replaced it with the concrete structure at the same location. In 1929, the Association moved, this time to a larger building at Belmont Street and Southeast 10th Avenue, part of a second "produce row" in southeast Portland.</p><br>
<p>The Kettle Falls Historic District encompasses a remote pocket of early-20th-century industrial and commercial activity deep in the Boundary Waters, in what is now Voyageurs National Park in the USA state of Minnesota. Kettle Falls is the outlet from Namakan Lake into Rainy Lake on the Canada–United States border. The portage between the two lakes served as a key gathering point from the time of the voyageurs to the miners, commercial fishermen, and lumbermen at the turn of the 20th century, and tourists beginning in the 1930s. The Kettle Falls Dam was built at the site between 1910 and 1914, and two log buildings associated with its construction remain standing. The fourth contributing property to the historic district is the Kettle Falls Hotel, built in 1913.</p><br>
<p>In 1978 the Kettle Falls Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its local significance in the themes of commerce, engineering, industry, and transportation. It was nominated for its history as an isolated nexus of industry and tourism in the Boundary Waters wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The portage, initially known as the portage de Chaudière or the portage neuf, was frequented by the fur trading voyageurs, following an established trail that later became the path of the Canada–USA border. An 1890s gold rush brought miners through the area. Illegal liquor was smuggled over the border from Canada starting about 1910. The Kettle Falls area was later used by fishermen and lumbermen, with commercial fish camps operating 1913–1920. In the 1930s lumbering operations were the chief activity.</p><br>
<p>The dam is about 20 ft high, with four sluiceways, divided into a section called the American Dam and another on the Canadian channel called the International Dam. It featured fish ladders, though they are no longer operational.</p><br>
<p>Sheboygan Light, Power and Railway Company Car #26 is a wooden interurban electric rail car built in 1908 that carried passengers on the line between Sheboygan and Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin for 30 years, until the spread of automobiles made passenger rail service non-viable. Today, the car is operated by the East Troy Railroad Museum on their East Troy Electric Railroad, carrying visitors on their track in East Troy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Car #26 is a wooden passenger car riding on two 27-E Brill trucks, where each "truck" is a unit with four 36-inch wheels, axles, electric motors, springs, and brakes. The motors were driven by trolley poles which conducted current from electric wires that ran above the track. The car&#39;s top speed was 45 mph. The body of the car is 44 feet long, eight feet eight inches wide, and about nine feet high. The rounded corners allowed the car to move more safely through crowded city streets. The sides are sheathed in wood paneling. The roof is wood covered with canvas, with a band of arched clerestory openings filled with green opalescent glass on both sides. Each side has six arched windows, with green glass transoms, and an arched door on each end. The glass is manufactured by the Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works. Inside the car, each end has a conductor/motorman vestibule with a set of controllers for the car. When the car reversed direction, the motorman and the conductor swapped ends of the car. Between the vestibules are a small smoking passenger compartment and a non-smoking compartment. The car had all the modern conveniences in 1908, with hot water heating, package holders, and an enclosed lavatory. It has 44 seats.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As the city of Sheboygan grew, its need for public transportation grew. In 1885, a streetcar system opened with 11 miles of track and with the cars pulled by horses. In 1889, the Sheboygan Electric Light Company began providing electricity to homes, and in 1893, it took over the money-losing horse-drawn streetcar system, renamed itself the Sheboygan Light, Power & Railway Company, and replaced the horses with electric-powered cars. The cars ran 19 hours on normal days, and to improve revenue, the system carried freight for Kohler Co., local cheese factories, and quarries. Gradually, the system added track until by 1908, the rail line had extended service to Elkhart Lake. In 1908, the Sheboygan rail system also bought three new cars from the Cincinnati Car Company: #25, #26, and #27.</p><br>
<p>Sheboygan&#39;s electric rail system operated into the 1930s, but ridership began dropping in the early 1920s as automobiles and buses grew more common. Aiming to keep its rail system viable, Sheboygan expanded the freight service in 1930, joining with other railroads to haul loads to and from Chicago. This service was called the "bathtub special," because the main user was Kohler Co. for its plumbing supply business. Service within Sheboygan ended in 1935 and the last run to Plymouth was in 1938.</p><br>
<p>As business waned, car #26 was sold in 1937 to Mr. and Mrs. John B. Huenink for $250. They moved it to some land near Lake Michigan where it served as their summer cottage. It was bought in 1947 by Berend and Jeannette Doedens, who continued to use it as a cottage. By 1988, it was deteriorating. Paul Doedens donated it to the Friends of the East Troy Electric Railroad Museum. They restored it to near original condition, replacing missing machinery like the trucks. Today the car is operated intermittently by the museum, carrying visitors on its 7.5 mile remnant of The Milwaukee Electric Railway and Light Company&#39;s interurban line.</p><br>
<p>Krenn School, also known as St. Clara Community Building, is a historic one-room school building located at New Milton, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It was built in 1897, and is a one-story rectangular, wood-frame building measuring 35 feet deep and 24 feet wide. It has a low pitched gable roof covered in corrugated metal. The building was renovated in 1922. It was used as a school until the late 1930s, at which time it became a community center.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Gamsjager–Wysong Farm, also known as the Old Gamsjager Place, is a historic farmhouse located at St. Clara, Doddridge County, West Virginia. It was built in 1906, and is a two-story, rectangular German-style farmhouse with a two-story rear wing. It has a steeply pitched roof and sits on a sandstone foundation. Also on the property is a cellar house and 19th-century German bank barn.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Center Point Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge near Center Point, Doddridge County, West Virginia, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was commissioned by the County Court and was built between 1888 and 1890. It spans Pike&#39;s Fork (Middle Fork) of McElroy Creek. The masons were T.C. Ancell and E. Underwood (who charged $976.54 for all abutments). The carpenters were John Ash and S.H. Smith (who charged $230). The design utilizes the Long Truss.</p><br>
<p>As of 1983, the Center Point Covered Bridge was one of only 17 covered bridges left in West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Sarvis Fork Covered Bridge, also known as Sandyville Covered Bridge, is a historic covered bridge located near Sandyville, Jackson County, West Virginia. It was built in 1889-1890 for $64.00 by R.B. Cunningham and G.W. Staats in 1890, originally spanning John Carnahan&#39;s Fork, a branch of Mill Creek. When US Route 33 was built using an iron bridge, the covered bridge was first abandoned, then moved and rebuilt over the Left Fork of the Sandy Creek in 1924 for $1,050.00.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was completely rebuilt in 2000 at a cost of $598,233 by R.C. Construction Company & Sons, Inc. of Cutler, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>It measures 101 feet 3 1/2 inches in length and 11 feet 8 inches wide.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<p>Cedarville School is a historic school building located at Cedarville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1923, and is a two-story T-shaped, wood-frame building with a hipped roof, measuring approximately 50 feet deep and 80 feet wide. It has striated stuccoed exterior surfaces and is on a raised basement of locally quarried stone. It was used as a school until 1968, after which it was converted to apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>John E. Arbuckle House, also known as Glenville State University Alumni Center, is a historic home located at Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1910, and is a -story Queen Anne-style building. It is a wood-frame structure, with a brick veneer. It features an octagonal tower and classical porches.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Whiting House is a historic home located at Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1897 and is a three-story Queen Anne-style residence. It is a brick building and sits on a raised sandstone foundation. It features a conical tower and a screened in, full-height two story porch facing the Little Kanawha River.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Silk Stocking District is a historic district in the city of Talladega, Alabama, USA. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 13, 1979. Architectural styles include Queen Anne, Classical Revival, Colonial Revival, American Craftsman, and other late Victorian types. The district covers 113 acre and contained 120 contributing properties when first listed.</p><br>
<p>Little Kanawha Valley Bank is a historic bank building located at Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1901 and is a small one-story commercial building with Classical Revival-style details. It is a rectangular frame building covered in pressed sheet metal. It was occupied by the Little Kanawha Valley Bank until 1916 when they moved to larger quarters.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Ruddell General Store, also known as the Country Store Museum, is a historic general store building located at Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1890, and is a two-story, two-bay, commercial building measuring 30 feet by 65 feet. The first story storefront is original material and design. It was occupied by a retail store until the 1970s, after which it was acquired by the West Virginia State Folk Festival, Inc., and open as the Country Store Museum.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Gilmer County Poor Farm Infirmary is a historic poor farm infirmary building located near Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. It was built in 1907 by what is now the Glenville Golf Club, and is a two-story, three-bay, center entrance frame building with a cross-hip pitched roof and Colonial Revival-style details. The infirmary was in operation until 1941, after which it was used as a day care center and as meeting space for local social and civic organizations.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Glenville Truss Bridge is a historic Pratt Through Truss bridge that spans the Little Kanawha River at Glenville, Gilmer County, West Virginia. The bridge was built in 1885. The bridge is 240 feet, 6 inches, long and the main through truss span is 147 feet. It was designed and/or built by the Stewart, Shirreffs & Co. of Richmond, Virginia and fabricated by the Wrought Iron Bridge Builders of Canton, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has suffered considerable damage in recent years and is now unusable. It was barred to vehicular traffic for several decades and has now been completely blocked off since a flood washed away a part of it at the left-bank end. There is a local movement to save and restore it, and a grant has even been obtained for that purpose, but since neither the city of Glenville nor Gilmer County claims ownership (and thus responsibility), the situation is at a standstill.</p><br>
<p>Duck Run Cable Suspension Bridge, also known as Trubada Swinging Bridge, is a historic cable suspension bridge that spans the Little Kanawha River at Trubada, Gilmer County, West Virginia. The bridge was built in 1922. The bridge is 351 feet, 7 inches, with a main span of 209 feet, 9 inches, and two half spans of 76 feet, 6 inches, and 65 feet, 4 inches. It features four reinforced concrete towers for the two wire rope cables.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Airy No. 27 School is a historic one-room school built in 1863 in Centreville, New Castle County, Delaware. It was designed and built as a one-room, one-teacher school, and operated as such from 1863 to 1932. It is now used as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>A gable-roofed portico stands in front of the entrance, with a small bell tower or cupola on the main roof just above it. Three large six-over-six windows are on each side of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, at the same time the school was listed the Centreville Historic District, the Joseph Chandler House, and Carpenter-Lippincott House, all located nearby, were also listed.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Chandler House, built c. 1800, is the oldest house in Centreville, New Castle County, Delaware. Centreville developed along the Kennett Pike  starting about 1811, with its houses facing toward the pike. Nevertheless, the Chandler house faces south, away from the pike.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Joseph P. Chandler, who built the house, used it as a residence and an office. The house was later acquired by the Gregg, Carpenter and du Pont families. William S. Potter bought the house in 1935 and added brick and stone wings to the original stone house.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed by the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, at the same time the nearby Centreville Historic District, Mt. Airy School No. 27, and Carpenter-Lippincott House were also listed.</p><br>
<p>Empire Ranch is a working cattle ranch in southeastern Pima County, Arizona, that was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In its heyday, Empire Ranch was one of the largest in Arizona, with a range spanning over 180 square miles, and its owner, Walter L. Vail, was an important figure in the establishment of southern Arizona&#39;s cattle industry. It is currently owned by the Bureau of Land Management with a grazing lease to a private operator.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment</h3><br>
<p>Empire Ranch is located on the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains in Cienega Valley, fifty-two miles southeast of Tucson and about 10 mi north of Sonoita. The property overlooks a shallow depression called Empire Gulch, through which a spring-fed rivulet bordered by cottonwoods courses eastward to Cienega Creek. The surrounding meadows are "thickly covered" with sacaton and salt grass. Tucson businessman Edward Nye Fish first occupied the site of the ranch in 1871, but it is uncertain whether or not he built the original four-room adobe house and corral, which may have already been there when he arrived.</p><br>
<p>On August 22, 1876, an Easterner named Walter Vail and his English business partner, Herbert R. Hislop, purchased Empire Ranch and its 612 head of cattle from Fish and his partner, Simon Silverberg, who had acquired the 160-acre tract only two months earlier from Fishs brother-in-law, William Wakefield, at a price of $500. Fish and Silverberg wanted $3,800 for the ranch and cattle; but to expedite the sale, they settled on a considerably lower price of $1,174. Vail and Hislop immediately began expanding their holdings in the area by acquiring new lands and improving the ranchs infrastructure. In its heyday, Empire controlled 180 square miles of rangeland between the Santa Rita, Rincon, Whetstone, and Huachuca Mountains.</p><br>
<p>When Walters wife, Margaret, arrived from New Jersey in the summer of 1881, Vail undertook a variety of improvements on the ranch house. Up to that time, Walter had added only a kitchen, pantry, cooks room, and business office to the original four-room structure – just enough to accommodate the cowboys who worked on the ranch. Shortly after Margaret&#39;s arrival, Walter built her an eight-room addition to the earlier dwelling, including two bedrooms, a living room, a dining area and a covered porch. The imposing structure boasted 12 ft high ceilings, three stone fireplaces for heating, and a fashionable half-hexagon bay window opening off the living room. The Empire Ranch house became a showplace ranch house in southern Arizona. The red-shingled adobe building proved so attractive that, contrary to the common practice among territorial ranch families, Margaret chose to live on the ranch instead of a separate residence in Tucson. More rooms were added as the years went on, resulting in the current twenty-two room house that is preserved today.</p><br>
<p>The origin of the name Empire Ranch remains unclear. Walters brother, Edward, said that Walter renamed the Fish holdings after acquiring the property in 1876, claiming "he would make an Empire of it someday." However, in writing to his sister on November 25, 1876, Herbert Hislop stated: "...it was called the Empire Ranch before we bought it and we have not altered the name." Other accounts suggest that either Fish called the quarter-section spread "the Empire" in a promotional flurry to make it more attractive, or that William Wakefield named the ranch after the nearby Empire Mountains. The evidence weighs against Edward Vails romanticized version.</p><br>
<p>Vail and Hislop hoped to increase their herd of cattle to about five thousand head. To underwrite expansion and help meet their debts, they took in a third partner in October 1876. Another Englishman, John H. Harvey, had heard about the ranch through Walters uncle, Nathan. Nathan Vail had been a friend and one-time business partner of Harveys uncle in England. Learning that John Harvey had money to invest, Nathan had encouraged him to visit Tucson and the Empire Ranch, which he did in the early weeks of October. The wealthy Englishman, although inexperienced at ranching, saw strong potential for the small ranching venture and joined the partnership. The firm changed its name to Vail, Hislop, and Harvey. The neighboring cattlemen called them the "English Boys&#39; Outfit." To keep pace with its new identity, the Empire changed horse brands from "V" to "VH," but kept the familiar heart-shaped brand for the cattle.</p><br>
<h3>Apaches</h3><br>
<p>Indian raids were an ever-present threat, and nearby ranches stopped operation. The Empire, however, remained to fight for their land and their horses (which were considered the prize to the Indians). In the earliest years, hostile Apaches were an ever-present threat to the ranching operations. The Chiricahua Apaches, who had been moved to the San Carlos Indian Reservation in June 1876, became restless and fled south to their old haunts in the Whetstone and Chiricahua Mountains. Roving bands raided ranches throughout the Cienega Valley, escaping to the nearby hills with a prized haul of horses. Ranchers who sought to retrieve their stack often came back empty-handed, or failed to return at all. In the face of increasing raids, several ranchers near the Empire abandoned their holdings and moved to Tucson. Vail and Hislop, however, were willing to "shoot the renegades on sight."</p><br>
<p>The ranchs isolation and its herd of workhorses made it a likely target for attack. The ranch lay a full days ride by horseback from Tucson. The only major ranch in the vicinity was Don Sanfords Stock Valley Ranch, located 5 mi northeast. Vail and Hislop knew that help would not be forthcoming in the event of a raid. The horses had to be constantly guarded. During the day, the riding stock, which numbered nine saddle horses, twenty brood mares, and twelve colts, grazed in a large fenced-in pasture 600 ft from the ranch house. At night they corralled their stock in an adobe enclosure attached to the house. The possibility of a devastating loss of riding stock remained foremost in their thoughts, as Hislop reflected: "How long we shall keep them out of Apaches hands I do not know, as I suspect we being the only owners of any number of horses around here, that they will pay us a visit."</p><br>
<p>The Indian activity prompted the United States Army to take action. Writing to his brother, Edward Vail, on January 20, 1876, Walter reported that "this last outbreak has made so much talk that the Government is going to establish a fort 25 mi south of our place, which I hope will put a stop to Indian trouble in this part of the country." As anticipated, the army established Camp Huachuca on March 3, 1877. However, the camp was too distant to provide protection for the Cienega Valley. Vail and his partners refused to be terrorized by the Apaches. They instructed their cowboys to ride the range well-armed and never alone. Even when renegades were reported in the vicinity the cattlemen would not curtail ranch activities. As Edward Vail related: "... the Indians were supposed to be out, but we never stayed home on that account, as it was necessary to keep working."</p><br>
<p>The youthful cattlemen did not suffer greatly from the Apaches. They struck repeatedly in the vicinity but made off with only two horses of the "VH" brand. In a series of raids between August 1876 and February 1877, they stole several herds of livestock and killed three cowboys immediately south of the ranch, but each time skirted around the property. Yet not until Geronimo&#39;s renegades surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles on September 4, 1886, did the owners of Empire Ranch completely relax.</p><br>
<p>An opportunity to build the Empire herd came in January 1877. The three cattlemen, hoping to avoid the expense and trouble of driving herds from distant ranges, had made inquiries about other cattle in southern Arizona. In the latter part of January, they learned that S. S. "Yankee" Miller, foreman for John Chisum&#39;s ranch on the San Pedro River near St. David, had driven a large herd of Durhams, Herefords, and longhorns from New Mexico to the vicinity of Benson. Vail visited Miller at his Benson encampment and purchased 793 cattle at fourteen dollars per head. In the same exchange, Vail disposed of 620 sheep that he had previously bought from his neighbor, Henry M. Kemp. The flock had been a constant nuisance; and Vail gladly parted with them, even at a loss of forty cents per head.</p><br>
<p>The transaction was not without incident, though. Before Vail could remove the herd, a band of Chiricahua Apaches silently approached Millers compound and crept away with all their horses under cover of darkness. Vail awoke before dawn to discover the loss. Several of the trail crew set out on foot to pursue the thieves south to the Whetstone Mountains but en route dropped the plan for fear the Apaches might outnumber them in their mountain stronghold. They went back by Empire Ranch and picked up enough horses to enable them to safely drive the cattle from the Chisum range to the ranch. In this incident, the Empires closest scrape with Apaches, Vail had been fortunate; he had lost only one horse, none of the cattle, and no one had been hurt.</p><br>
<h3>Sheep</h3><br>
<p>In the late spring of 1877, Vail, Hislop, and Harvey decided to introduce better bred beeves into their herd. In April, Walter Vail rode east with Miller and a Chisum trail outfit to John Chisums Long Rail Ranch on the Pecos River in New Mexico. Here, Vail purchased forty Durham bulls from Chisum, but injured his knee before he could start back to Arizona. Leaving the cattle, he went to a cousins home in Netawaka, Kansas, and spent five painful months recuperating. In the fall, Vail and several Chisum trailhands drove the blooded bulls through Apache-controlled territory to the Empire Ranch.</p><br>
<p>During Vails absence, Hislop and Harvey had trouble with a sheepherder settling adjacent to Empire Ranch. The neighbor refused to contain his flock on his own range and arrogantly drove them onto the ranchland to water. When the sheep crowded along Cienega Creek, cattle were forced to scatter and move away from the water. The situation infuriated Hislop, who warned the trespasser to stay clear of their land or they would stampede his sheep. The sheepman ignored Hislops warnings, and the prospect of range warfare loomed.</p><br>
<p>On February 4, 1878, Hislop wrote the following in a letter to his sister:</p><br>
<p>Although the dispute never erupted into conflict, it was a decisive factor in Hislops decision to give up ranching and return to England. By March 1878, he became annoyed at Vail and Harveys reluctance to market livestock and recoup their initial investment costs. The partners wanted to delay sales until their herds had produced several calf crops. The troublesome neighbor only reinforced Hislops distaste for the entire ranching venture. Vail urged him to reconsider, but Hislop would not be swayed. Walter borrowed $6,850 from his Aunt Anna, Nathans wife, and bought Hislop&#39;s interest in the ranch. Upon his departure, Hislop announced that he would never return to "this bloody country again."</p><br>
<p>Within a year of Hislops departure, Vail and Harvey welcomed a new partner, Walters older brother Edward. Edward "Ned" Vail had corresponded with Walter since 1876 and shared his brothers belief that the cattle trade would soon be a large and prosperous industry in Arizona. Ned had been brought up on the family farm in New Jersey and then worked seven years in a ship chandlers store in New York City. Like Walter, Ned had no experience with cattle when he arrived at Empire Ranch on May 14, 1879. Walter immediately put his brother to work on the range, thereby forcing Edward to acquire a cattlemans skill and "carry his weight" at the ranch.</p><br>
<h3>Total Wreck</h3><br>
<p>While Walter and his partners were readying their first cattle for market, a silver discovery was made near Empire Ranch which vitally affected its destiny. In January 1879, an itinerant prospector named John T. Dillon, located three mining claims on the boulder-strewn eastern slope of the Empire Mountains. "The whole damned hill is a total wreck," Dillon remarked to co-claimants Walter L. Vail and John A. Harvey. Vail and Harvey liked the description and christened one of the three sites the "Total Wreck." Legal entanglements prevented immediate exploitation of the claim; but when the court re-affirmed their title, the owners incorporated the operation as the Total Wreck Mining and Milling Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Walter and Nathan Vail secured full control of the corporation, sold shares of the company in New York City, and launched a large-scale development at the Total Wreck. Two years later, its production rivaled that of the most prosperous mines in Arizona Territory. However, the depression in silver prices in 1884 crippled the operation, and the Vails closed it three years later when ore yields fell too low for profit. Although the Total Wreck prospered for only a brief period, it produced over $500,000 in revenue, which contributed significantly to the expansion and development of Empire Ranch.</p><br>
<h3>Later years</h3><br>
<p>In 1886, the ranch was incorporated as the Empire Land and Cattle Company, with California entrepreneur Carroll W. Gates buying half-interest in 1889. The Empire management searched out new markets in Kansas City and Los Angeles when the home market collapsed in the mid-1880s. Vail and Gates bought or leased additional grasslands in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and California during drought years of the early nineties. While furthering his own business, Vail argued prominently for cattlemens interests as a legislator, county supervisor, and president of the Livestock Ranchmans Association.</p><br>
<p>By 1898, the Vails had nearly forty thousand cattle, most of which were Herefords, on their combined ranges. Vail and Gates converted the home ranch fully to "breeder-feeder" operations, with Arizona-bred cattle shipped outside the territory to fatten. Beginning in 1902, they siphoned corporate assets into lucrative real estate, horse raising, and resort investments on the West Coast. For a time, California endeavors profited Vail and Gates more so than the Arizona ranch. Although Walter Vail died in 1906, his heirs operated Empire Ranch by the same, successful principles Walter had used, until its final sale to the Boice, Gates and Johnston company in 1928.</p><br>
<p>By 1951, Frank Boice and his family assumed full control of the property. Around the same time, the ranch was featured in several Western films starring many of Hollywood&#39;s most famous actors, such as John Wayne, Gregory Peck and Steve McQueen. In 1969, Empire Ranch was sold to the Gulf American Corporation for a proposed real estate development and later resold to the Anamax Mining Company for mining and water potential. None of these developments materialized, and the ranch continues to work with cattle. In the 1980s, the owners began to restore the buildings to their original state and in 1988 the ranch became public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The Empire Ranch Foundation was established as a private non-profit organization in 1997 to work with the BLM to develop private support to preserve the buildings and enhance the educational and recreational opportunities it offers to the public. In 2000, Congress combined Empire Ranch and the surrounding ranchland with the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area. The Vera Earl Ranch assumed the grazing lease on the Empire Ranch in 2008.</p><br>
<p>On April 25–26, 2017, the Sawmill Fire, which had been started two days earlier by a gender reveal party, significantly impacted the Empire Ranch, though fortunately its historic buildings were not damaged by the flames thanks to the efforts of firefighters. During the incident, the fire came as close as 50 feet to the buildings.</p><br>
<p>Rohrbaugh Cabin — also known as Allegheny Cabin — is a historic log cabin located on the eastern slope of North Fork Mountain near Petersburg, Grant County, West Virginia, USA.</p><br>
<p>Rohrbaugh Cabin was built about 1880, and is a -story, "double pen" plan log house built of tulip poplar logs. It measures 26 feet, two inches long, and 16 feet, 6 inches, deep. Also on the property are a frame storage shed, a log animal pen, stone springhouse remains, and portions of the original Smokehole roadbed.</p><br>
<p>Rohrbaugh Cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Manor, also known as Peter and Jesse Hutton Farm, is a historic home located near Petersburg, Grant County, West Virginia. It was built about 1830, and is a -story, L-shaped brick dwelling in the Greek Revival style. It features a two-story portico with pediment supported by four massive square columns. Also on the property are dependencies: a kitchen, meathouse, small storage barn, and large frame barn.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Noah Snyder Farm, also known as Snyder House, is a historic home located near Lahmansville, Grant County, West Virginia. The original four room log house was built in 1853. Sometime during the American Civil War, the Cooplinger section was moved to the site and added to the original building. A third section, the kitchen ell, was originally built between 1800 and 1815. All three sections were unified under a gable roof in about 1870. Also on the property are the contributing wagon shed, storage cellar with granary above, log stable, and smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<p>The Hermitage Inn and Taphouse, previously the Hermitage Motor Inn and Taylor Cunningham Hotel, is an historic lodge in Petersburg, Grant County, West Virginia, US. It was built about 1840, and was originally a two-story brick building in a vernacular Greek Revival style. The hotel is older than Grant County and the state of West Virginia. A third story was added in the early 20th century. It features a two-story porch with turned post and balusters.It has been in continuous operation as an inn since 1881. Also on the property are the contributing wagon shed, storage cellar with granary above, log stable, and smokehouse.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In 2021, the Hermitage Inn and Taphouse underwent an extensive renovation. The interior and exterior of both the inn and restaurant are fully updated, preserved using Historic Tax Credits, and modernized.</p><br>
<p>Grant County Courthouse, also known as the Old Grant County Courthouse, is a historic county courthouse located at Petersburg, serving Grant County, West Virginia. The original section was built in 1878–79 and expanded in 1909. It is composed of 3 two-story brick rectangles consisting of a large center section with lower and narrower wings. The building is styled with Neo-Colonial design features. The center section features a two-story projecting portico with pediment and supported by four Corinthian order fluted columns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Acting Superintendents Headquarters in Yosemite National Park was built by the USA Army at Camp A.E. Wood in the Wawona district of the park in 1904 to house the commander of the military administration that operated the park in the years prior to the establishment of the National Park Service. It was moved to the Yosemite Valley in 1906. The Acting Superintendents Headquarters is the last remaining structure at Wawona associated with the park&#39;s military administration. The cabin followed the military to the Yosemite Valley, remaining there until 1958, when it was moved back to Wawona. It is part of the Pioneer Yosemite History Center.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is a 15 ft by 12 ft -story frame structure with board-and-batten siding and redwood shingle roof. The roof is very steeply pitched. A small porch fronts the building. It was used as a residence while in the Yosemite Valley. It is now part of an exhibit on the Army administration in the park.</p><br>
<p>The Acting Superintendent&#39;s Headquarters was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Milam County Courthouse and Jail are two separate historic county governmental buildings located diagonally opposite each other in Cameron, Milam County, Texas. The Milam County Courthouse, located at 100 South Fannin Avenue, was built in 1890–1892, while the Milam County Jail, now known as the Milam County Museum, was built in 1895. On December 20, 1977, they were added to the National Register of Historic Places as a single entry.</p><br>
<h2>Milam County Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The Milam County Courthouse, located at 100 South Fannin Avenue, was designed in the Renaissance Revival style of architecture by Austin architect A.O. Watson of the firm of Larmour and Watson. Its east and west facades mirror each other while its north and south facades mirror each other. It was built for $75,000 between 1890 and 1892 by Lee and Plummer, contractors. The cornerstone was dedicated on July 4, 1891, and the building was occupied in April 1892. Built of local stone, it originally consisted of only three stories, but in 1893 it was decided to add a clock tower which was finished in 1895. A statue of Justice was mounted atop the tower. In 1938, however, the clock tower and its statue were removed for safety reasons. In the early 2000s during a restoration of the courthouse, a new clock tower was erected along with a new statue of Justice.</p><br>
<h2>Milam County Jail</h2><br>
<p>The Milam County Jail, located at East Main Street and South Fannin Avenue and now known as the Milam County Museum, was designed in the Romanesque Revival style of architecture and was built in 1895 by the Pauly Jail Building and Manufacturing Company of St. Louis, Missouri, which brought most building supplies from St. Louis. It is a 3-story building redbrick building with many mini-turrets. It is topped by a hanging tower, which was never used. The first floor was used for storage and a residence for the sheriff and his family, while the second and third floors housed prisoners. It was replaced in 1975 for a more modern jail and then became the local historical museum.</p><br>
<p>The jail building was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1978. The Jail Museum also houses a 1969 Recorded Texas Historic Landmark plaque for the Green-Batte House which has since burned.</p><br>
<p>The McGurk Cabin in Yosemite National Park was the seasonal home of Yosemite cattleman Jack McGurk from 1895 to 1897. Located on the edge of McGurk&#39;s Meadow, just to the north of the Glacier Point Road, the cabin was used by a series of owners beginning with Hugh Davanay, from whom McGurk bought the property in 1895. McGurk was evicted by the Army in 1897 after a dispute over title to the land. The log cabin is a one-room structure, about 14 ft square, with saddle-notched peeled lodgepole pine logs. The only opening is a low door on the south side. The cabin was stabilized in 1958 by Sierra Club volunteers. It is one of the few structures left in the park that remain from the pre-park era.</p><br>
<p>The cabin was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 4, 1979.</p><br>
<p>The John D. and Katherine Gleissner Lustron House is a historic enameled steel prefabricated house in Birmingham, Alabama. Designed and constructed by the Lustron Corporation, this example is one of three confirmed to have been built in Birmingham. Another, the Bernice L. Wright Lustron House, is just one house over from the Gleissner Lustron House.</p><br>
<p>Lustron houses were only produced during a two-year period, with 2,495 known to have been made. A majority of those originally constructed (roughly 2,000) are still standing today. Many of those that do remain have been altered significantly. Twenty Lustron houses are known to have been ordered in Alabama, although it is not clear if twenty were erected. Only eleven remained in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The house forms part of the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Lustron Houses in Alabama MPS. It was placed on the National Register on February 24, 2000, due to its architectural significance. The house was slated for demolition in 2015 to make way for a condominium development.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Gleissner Lustron House is an example of Lustrons "Westchester" 3-bedroom model. It retains the original enameled steel roof, wall panels, and "zig-zag" support column, although a wood-frame porch extension has been added to the original porch and all of it screened in. Lustron houses came in several exterior colors. The Gleissner Lustron is in the companys "Desert Tan" color.</p><br>
<p>The Bernice L. Wright Lustron House is a historic enameled steel prefabricated house in Birmingham, Alabama. Designed and constructed by the Lustron Corporation, this example is one of three confirmed to have been built in Birmingham. Another, the John D. and Katherine Gleissner Lustron House, is just one house over from the Wright Lustron House.</p><br>
<p>Lustron houses were only produced during a two-year period, with 2,495 known to have been made. Only roughly 2,000 of these are still in existence. Many of those that do remain have been altered significantly. Twenty Lustron houses are known to have been ordered in Alabama, although it is not clear if twenty were erected. Only eleven remained in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The house forms part of the National Register of Historic Places&#39; Lustron Houses in Alabama MPS. It was placed on the National Register on February 24, 2000, due to its architectural significance. The house is slated for demolition in 2015 to make way for a condominium development.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Wright Lustron House is an example of Lustrons "Westchester" 2-bedroom model. It retains the original enameled steel roof and wall panels. Lustron houses came in several exterior colors, the Wright Lustron is in the companys "Desert Tan" color.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. John R. Drish House, also known simply as the Drish House, is a historic plantation house in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States. It is considered by state preservationists to be one of the most distinctive mixes of the Greek Revival and Italianate styles in Alabama. First recorded by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934, it was added to the Alabama Register of Landmarks and Heritage on July 31, 1975, and subsequently to the state&#39;s "Places in Peril" listing in 2006. It was listed as Jemison School-Drish House on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The large stuccoed brick mansion was built at the center of a 450 acre plantation on the edge of town for Dr. John R. Drish in 1837.</p><br>
<p>Built for Drish by his slave artisans, the first early incarnation of the house is usually credited to the influence of state architect William Nichols. The exterior of the house, as completed in 1837, featured full-width, monumental Doric porticoes to the front and rear, with two-story pilasters dividing each bay on all four sides.</p><br>
<p>The house was extensively remodeled in the Italianate-style before the American Civil War, with a three-story brick tower being added, the front columns changed to the Ionic order, brackets being added to the eaves and overhangs, and two-story cast iron side porches to each side. John Drish died in 1867, reportedly from a fall down a stairway, and Sarah Drish died in 1884.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent history</h2><br>
<p>The mansion changed hands several times after the death of Sarah Drish; while it was still a residence the surrounding property was sold and subdivided to create Tuscaloosas first major expansion. The structure eventually came to be owned by the Tuscaloosa Board of Education, who opened the Jemison School in the house in 1906. The house continued to be used as a school until 1925, after which it was purchased for use as a parts warehouse for Charles Turners Tuscaloosa Wrecking Company. It was during its use as a parts warehouse that Walker Evans took his famous photograph of it in 1935 or 1936, displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, it was purchased by the Southside Baptist Church, which added a sanctuary abutting the house on one side and a detached Sunday school building on the other. The church retained it for the rest of the 20th century. It was eventually threatened by proposed demolition in 1994, but was leased to the Heritage Commission of Tuscaloosa County instead by former church members when the church became defunct in 1995. The house was in a state of disrepair by 2006, when it was added to the "Places in Peril" listing by the Alabama Historical Commission and Alabama Trust For Historic Preservation. It was deeded to the Tuscaloosa County Preservation Society in July 2007; the group has made efforts to stabilize the structure and hopes to raise enough funding for its eventual restoration. They had the church additions demolished in 2009. In 2012 the Drish House was purchased by Nika McCool of Past Horizons LLC. Renovations continued on the exterior and interior of the house through May 2016, when it opened as an event venue.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>The house has been the site of purported hauntings since the early 20th century. It was featured in Kathryn Tucker Windham and Margaret Gillis Figh&#39;s book 13 Alabama Ghosts and Jeffrey, in the short story "Death Lights in the Tower."</p><br>
<p>The Weddle Bridge is a 120 ft long wooden covered bridge in Sweet Home, Oregon, United States. The bridge originally spanned Thomas Creek near Scio but was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1980 and was scheduled to be destroyed in 1987. To save the bridge, local activists staged protests and persuaded former Oregon Senator Mae Yih to help save the bridge. The Oregon Legislative Assembly soon approved the Oregon Covered Bridge Program, which helped pay for covered bridge rehabilitation projects statewide. The Weddle Bridge was the first to receive grants from the program.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, using grant funds as well as funds from local residents, a Sweet Home group called the Cascade Forest Resource Center rebuilt the Weddle Bridge across Ames Creek in Sankey Park. Also assisting in the project were the Covered Bridge Society of Oregon, which raised additional funds, and the Jordan Bridge Company, which had built the Jordan Bridge in Stayton.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was temporarily closed in 2005 after an engineering inspection determined that repairs were necessary. Proceeds from the Oregon Jamboree country music festival and donations of cash or building materials from several businesses and individuals made the repairs possible. The bridge has been used for public events such as fundraisers for breast-cancer detection and related services or for private events such as weddings.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge over Thomas Creek was named for a farmer who lived nearby, but it was also known as the Devaney Bridge for another early resident. Similar in design to other covered bridges along Thomas Creek, the Weddle Bridge featured a Howe truss, segmented portal arches, large side openings, and white board-and-batten siding.</p><br>
